[SOUND] If you've ever watched a foreign film in a language that you don't speak,

you've probably seen text down at the bottom of the screen.

That text is called captions or subtitles.

It's always a good idea to caption videos, whether it's for people with hearing

impairments, people that are in a public space and don't have headphones with them,

or for people that just quite can't understand what you're saying.

Even if there's no spoken text in a video,

it's still nice to point out sound effects and music.

Or even highlight the absence of sound.

Before we can add captions to our video, though,

we need to actually create those captions in a caption file.

So there's two different file formats that we could use here.

We can use what's called an SRT file.

Or we can use a newer file format that's a little

bit more web friendly called Web VTT.

And that's what we're going to use.

So I'm going to create a new file here in my workspace.

And we'll call that bridge-captions.vtt.

So when we create that file, WorkSpaces will automatically open it up for us.

And WebVTT demands a very specific file format.

So we wanna make sure that we stick to that.

And in a moment, we'll actually validate that.

So let's type WEBVTT in all caps,

then there's a space, and then FILE in all caps.

And then we'll hit Enter two times, and

then we'll type the number 0.

Then we'll hit Enter again, and then we're going to type out a time code.

Now, the first sound in the video is a truck engine.

So we wanna point that out pretty close to the beginning of the video.

So I'm going to type out 00:00, another :, then 00 again.

Followed by .500, and

then a space followed by --, and then a >.

So we make an arrow kinda pointing to the right there.

And then we'll do the same thing, so 00:00:00.

And I actually want this to be at about 5 seconds.

So we'll change that last 0 to a 5 followed by .000.

So here what we've done is we've specified the hours, minutes,

seconds, and milliseconds that a particular caption should be displayed at.

And this is when that caption should start, so at 0.5 seconds into the video.

And then this was where that caption should end,

at exactly five seconds into the video.

So notice the difference here.

This is 0.5 seconds, and this is 5 seconds.

So this will display for about four and a half seconds.

Then right below that, we can type out our caption.

And we can type whatever we want right here, that doesn't matter.

However, in this case, we're pointing out a sound effect.

And typically when you point out sound effects in captions,

you want to have them into brackets just like that.

So we have two square brackets.

We're going to say [truck engine].

And again, WorkSpaces is highlighting this.

And I know it looks like a very specific way of formatting things.

But we could, again, actually type whatever we want here, doesn't matter.

This is just kind of a standard way of pointing out sound effects in captions.

So that's not the only thing in our video.

There's a few other things.

So let's copy this whole block here and paste it just like that.

So here we have a space followed by a number.

And instead of 0, we want this to be 1.

And the next sound are some birds chirping,

so we'll say [birds chirping].

And then we need to change when that happens.

So we stop at five seconds.

This sound kinda comes in around six seconds, and it ends around ten seconds.

And then we can just continue on from there.

So, next we have a school bus engine.

And when you're typing out captions, it's important to be somewhat specific and

not just say engine or vehicle engine.

If you actually know the type of vehicle or you know the type of bird, for example.

You could say robin chirping and be a little bit more specific.

Oops, I actually spelled that wrong, there we go.

So this school bus engine is at about 13 seconds and ends at about 16 seconds.

The next sound is some water flowing.

So we'll say water flowing, change that to a 3, and oops,

I have an extra space there.

Gotta be careful.

We'll say 17 seconds to about 24 seconds and 350 milliseconds.

And that looks like an oddly specific number because it is.

That's exactly where we have a camera cut.

Because, in the next caption,

we're going to say water flow continues.

And that's because we have the sound of water flowing.

And I think a shot or two goes by, and we get to this other shot.

And it's not necessarily apparent without the sound

that this sound is actually still running.

So sometimes it's good to just say, hey, this sound is still going.

So water flow continues, and that's nice to include at around a camera cut.

So we'll say 24 seconds and 350 milliseconds.

So that will come immediately after our previous caption.

And then we'll say 30 seconds, cuz that's about when the video ends.

So that should do it for our caption file.

So now that we've actually created this caption file,

it's a good idea to validate it.

So how do we do that?

Well, if you check the notes associated with this video,

you should see this WebVTT Validator.

And this is a site where you can validate your captions in real time.

And you'll notice that they have a file that's

pretty similar to the one that we created.

And it says hey, this is boring, your WebVTT is valid.

However, if we go in here and kinda mess things up a little bit,

it will tell us all the things that are wrong with this particular WebVTT file.

So at line 3, column 22, it looks like that's about right here.

It says milliseconds must be given in three digits.

And we say oops, well, we gave our milliseconds in a bunch of numbers and

letters, so that's not good.

Let's switch back to our WebVTT file.

And we'll just copy the whole thing, and we'll paste it into the WebVTT Validator.

And it says [SOUND], this is boring, your WebVTT is valid.

So that's good.

Looks like our caption file is ready to be included in our video.