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We learned about for
loops in the previous video.

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We wrote this for a loop so

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that we could do something with all of
the invaders in the invaders array.

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It turns out that looping through all the
items of a collection such as an array is

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so common that there is yet another type
of loop that's designed to do just that.

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It's called a for each loop.

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I'll write what that looks like
below our existing four a loop, so

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that we can compare the two loops.

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With the four each loop we get rid of
the loop counter variable entirely.

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This loop will always run if there's
at least one item in the array.

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Each time through the loop,

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the invader variable will be set
to the next item in the array.

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So the first time through the loop,

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invader will contain the first
invader in the array.

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The second time through the loop it
will contain the second item, and so on.

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Pretty neat?

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Using for

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each loops makes it clear that we want to
loop through every item in the collection.

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We'll use this for each loop to look
at each invader in the array and

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determine if it's in range of the tower.

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We already know where the invader and

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the towers are located because they
both have map location member variables.

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We can use the distance to method to see
how far they are from each other and

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then check if the distance is less
than the shooting range of the tower.

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Why don't we write a method that
does this comparison for us?

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We could put this method in the tower or
the invader classes.

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However if we consider that this
method is really only determining if

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two map locations are within
a certain distance of each other

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I think it's best to put it
in the map location class.

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Let's call this method in range of.

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It will take another map location as
a parameter and an integer range.

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Here we can call the distance to method we
already wrote to get the distance between

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the map location object this method was
called on and the one that's passed in.

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Then we'll check if that distance is less
than or equal to the range passed in.

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We'll return the result
of this comparison.

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Now back here in the tower
class we can write if our

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location is in range of

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the invaders location
using a range of one.

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This one here is the width
of one grid square.

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If the invader's in range,
we'll decrease its health.

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This shows that the tower was able
to cause some damage to the invader.

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And we'll have the invaders
health decreased by one.

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As the code stands right now, the towers
can fire on every invader in range,

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even if they've already
been neutralized or

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even if they've made it
to the end of the path.

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Let's fix this by only allowing them to
shoot at invaders that are still active

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by checking the is active property we
previously added to the invader class.

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So now the towers can only
decrease the health of an invader

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if they're both active and
they're in range.

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Finally let's handicap the towers a bit

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by only letting them shoot
at one tower at a time.

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We can do this by forcing the foreach
loop to exit after it's found and

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shot one enemy.

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For loops and for each loops just like
while loops, can use the break and

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continue statements.

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Remember the continue statement
like this causes the loop

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to immediately go back to the beginning.

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In the case of a for each loop,
the continue statement

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causes the loop to move on to the next
item in the array or collection.

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We don't want to use the continue
statement right here though.

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I'm just showing it here, so
that you can see how it works.

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Instead we want to break out of
the loop using the break statement.

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There is nothing after the loop here.

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So the method returns to
the code that called it.