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One of the biggest advantages of using an ORM such as Hibernate is the ability to quickly configure model POJOs for mapping to database tables and columns. You will use JPA (Java Persistence API) annotations to define these mappings.
Package Name Update
Please notice while following along that there is no longer a javax package. It has since been renamed and you should instead see jakarta as an option. IntelliJ should still find this and automatically import it for you as shown in the video.
import jakarta.persistence.*
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Before completing our configuration there
is some other coding that we have to do
0:01
and some other concepts
that we need to understand.
0:05
So we'll be returning to
that XML file in just a bit.
0:07
As you've seen, the power of Hibernate and
really any ORM lies in its ability to let
0:12
you, the developer, focus on Java code,
while Hibernate takes care of the details
0:17
of fetching, adding, editing and
deleting POJOs from the database.
0:21
These POJOs though in our
case the contact class
0:26
need to be configured in a certain way for
Hibernate to understand
0:29
how to map its fields to database
columns in a contact table.
0:33
This is where it's
helpful to know about yet
0:38
another acronym JPA J P A stands for
Java Persistence.
0:40
A.P.I. and
0:46
is a set of interfaces that our ORM's can
implement to provide data persistence.
0:47
Remember, that's just long lasting data
storage being a set of interfaces or
0:52
ORM's including hibernate can choose to
0:57
implement these in
whatever ways they desire.
1:00
As a developer though using J P A in
our code means that we can swap out
1:03
the implementation, that's the RM,
while minimizing the impact on our code.
1:08
Some application servers provide
an implementation of JPA at runtime.
1:14
Such as J.
1:18
Boss.
1:19
But there is no such thing
as a JPA only solution.
1:20
Why?
1:23
Because JPA is not an implementation but
rather a contract.
1:24
It's like an expectation you can have
when you use an implementation such
1:29
as Hibernate.
1:33
Like the expectation that the plug
of a new pair of headphones will fit
1:34
into your iPhone or Android phone or
Windows phone or even your computer.
1:37
You expect that they'll fit
regardless of the device programming
1:42
that controls the audio signal itself.
1:46
But the presence of a headphone jack
isn't enough to make Mumford and
1:49
Sons pump through to your ears.
1:53
For that there must be actual device
programming that reads an audio file and
1:54
creates a sound signal that is
sent to the headphone interface.
1:59
Okay, you get it.
2:03
J P eight isn't an implementation, but it
includes the annotations that we'll use on
2:05
our contact pojo to indicate how we want
to map its fields to database columns.
2:09
Let's see what that looks like.
2:15
Since we don't yet have a package for our
application code let's create that now.
2:18
I'll right click on JAVA and choose
new package and for the name I'll use
2:22
com.teamtreehouse.contactmgr and
hit enter.
2:26
And no we won't play as much code in there
just yet, let's create our main class and
2:32
call it application.
2:35
So on that package that I just created,
I'll right click and
2:37
choose new Java class and
name an application and
2:40
in here is where our public
static void main method will go.
2:44
So, I'll get that in there now for
later use.
2:48
Let's create a sub package of the one
we just created where we could stick
2:51
any model or entity class we might need.
2:54
So I'll right click on this package and
choose new package and name it model and
2:57
into it we'll put the only model class
we'll be creating in this course,
3:02
the contact class.
3:06
So I'll create that now,
New Java class and call it contact.
3:07
I'll quickly code this class but
3:13
feel free to copy paste from
the one we used in work spaces.
3:15
So we'll get our id in there as
well as our firstName lastName.
3:18
Email and
3:30
phone.
3:34
Now I'll use intelligent code generation
to get some getters and setters.
3:38
And this time, we will need the setters.
3:42
So I'll choose getters and setters,
highlight all of them and hit enter.
3:45
And boom there are our getters and
setters.
3:49
And because J.P.A. will call our default
constructor when instantiating contact
3:52
objects we need to make
sure one is present.
3:57
With no other constructors in this class
and no constructors explicitly defined in
4:00
a superclass the compiler will
provide a default constructor for us.
4:04
But for purposes of clarity,
4:09
will explicitly define a default
constructor in case we need to go back and
4:11
add a non default constructor and as
a heads up we will end up doing just that.
4:15
So let's create that now and
leave it empty.
4:20
This will be our default constructor for
J.P. A public.
4:24
Contact.
4:31
And I'll even do it in one line.
4:32
Beautiful.
4:34
Let's also generate a two string
method using all of our fields.
4:36
So again I'll use
IntelliJ's code generation.
4:40
And arrow down to toString0 method and
4:43
include all fields in
the toString0 it's generating.
4:46
Now it's time to add those J.P.A.
annotations.
4:50
The one will start with
is the entity annotation.
4:53
This is the one that will mark this class
as want to persist to the database.
4:56
By default, entities are given
their own table in the database.
5:01
So we will decorate our class.
5:05
With the Javax.persistence.entity
annoation.
5:07
When hibernate detects this annotation,
5:12
it will map a contact object to a single
row in the contact table of the database.
5:14
There is an optional name element for
the entity annotation and you can specify
5:20
a value here if a value is provided that's
what will be used as the map's TableName.
5:25
By default though,
the class name is used and
5:31
will stick with that
default in this course.
5:34
As for the fields,
we'll skip over the id field and
5:37
mark all the others with
a @Column annotation.
5:41
And again this comes from
the javax.persistence library.
5:45
That is the JPA library.
5:49
These annotations are self describing
in that each of these fields will
5:59
be mapped to a column
of the contact table.
6:02
Again, the name element can be used to
specify the column name, but by default,
6:05
the field name will be used and again will
stick with the default in this course.
6:10
Now back up to the ID field.
6:15
We'll use a special annotation here to
indicate that this field is to serve
6:18
as this entities primary key.
6:22
Now quite intuitively,
it's the ID annotation.
6:25
And if you want this value to be
automatically generated by Hibernate,
6:29
you can use the generated
value annotation,
6:32
specifying the strategy to be used for
generating new IDs.
6:36
In our case,
we'll use GenerationType.IDENTITY.
6:40
Now it turns out that
since we included an ID
6:45
annotation on a field that every other
field unless marked as transients.
6:48
Either with a JAVA modifier or
with the transience annotation.
6:52
Will be automatically
mapped to a database column
6:56
even without these column annotations.
6:58
I'll leave them there though.
7:02
Just for purposes of demonstration.
7:03
One final task before we take a break.
7:06
I mentioned earlier that we'd be
returning to that XML configuration file.
7:08
Let's do that now.
7:12
There are two more elements
that we need to add.
7:14
The first calls upon a Hibernate
tool to generate our database schema
7:16
based on our annotated entities.
7:21
Let me stick a comment in there.
7:23
That references what this
property is going to be doing.
7:25
So we want to create the database schema.
7:29
On application start up.
7:34
And to accomplish this we
are going to use another property.
7:37
The name of this property is
going to be hbm2ddl.auto.
7:42
And the value we're going
to use here is create.
7:49
Now hbm2ddl stands for hibernate
mapping to data definition language.
7:54
This particular setting tells hibernate to
7:59
create the schema upon
starting the application.
8:02
It will do this by reading the hibernate
configuration file, looking for
8:06
mapped entity classes, and then examining
those classes, JPA annotations,
8:10
to create database tables and columns.
8:15
You might wonder then,
how does this configuration file
8:17
inform hibernate that we
have a mapped entity class?
8:20
The answer is that we add a mapping
element indicating the fully qualified
8:24
name of the entity class.
8:28
I say fully qualified because that name
must include the package name as well.
8:30
Let me get a comment in here for
this mapping element.
8:34
This is going to name
the annotated entity classes.
8:41
In our application we'll
have only one class.
8:48
This XML element is called mapping and
it has a single attribute named class and
8:51
it has no inner text so I'm going to
create it as a self closing element.
8:56
As I said before, the name of this class
has to be fully qualified which means it
9:00
includes the package name,
in our case com.teamtreehouse.contactmgrif
9:05
the.model.Contact, and there is the fully
9:12
qualified name of our entity class
that includes our JPA annotations.
9:16
Hey great work on getting things
ready to go for hibernate.
9:23
Why don't we stop for a quick check for
understanding before moving on to create
9:26
the hibernate objects that will connect
our application to a maps database.
9:29
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