How does a new attribute like adjective='manxsome' become a kwargs dictionary (or its item)?

Let's use this function as example:

def add(a, b):
  return a + b

There're two ways you can call this function.

First way is by passing in positional arguments.

print(add(3,4))

Second way, by keyword arguments.

print(add(b=4, a=3))

(notice that by passing keyword arguments, you are free to place them out of order). For the add function, it takes EXACTLY 2 arguments, passing in more or less arguments and you'll get an ArugmentError runtime exception.

Sometimes it's useful to write a function that accept any numbers of arguments.

def foo(*args, **kwargs):
  for i in args: print(i)
  for key, value in kwargs.items(): print(key, value)

In this function definition, There's no required arguments, but there're *args, and **kwargs here. I can call this function by supply any numbers of arguments, whether they are keyword argument or positional arguments.

foo(3, 4, 9, "yo", keyword1=3, keyword2="hello")

So when I call the function like above, 3, 4, 9, "yo" as positional arguments, they get stored in args tuples, and keyword1=3, keyword2="hello" as keyword argument get stored in kwargs dictionary, so that you can do something about them in the function body. (In this foo case, I just print them all out).

Hope that helps.