Please explain the last example with the CPS

function add(x, y, callback) {
    callback(x + y)
}

function subtract(x, y, callback) {
    callback(x - y);
}

function multiply(x, y, callback) {
    callback(x * y);
}

function calculate(x, callback) {
    callback(x);
}

calculate(5, (n) => {
    add(n, 10, (n) => {
        subtract(n, 2, (n) => {
            multiply(n, 5, (n) => {
                console.log(n); // 65
            });
        });
    });
});

On line 13 we're defining a function called calculate. It has two parameters, x and callback; x will be a number and callback will be a function. Inside of the body of calculate, we're calling the function callback passing in the value of x as the first argument for that function. (I should note here that I'm using the terms parameter and argument to mean different things, as explained here):

The later on, on line 17, we call the calculate function. 5 is passed in as the first argument. And a new anonymous arrow function is passed in as the 2nd argument, which is defining the function in place. In the definition of that function, it takes a parameter n. In this example, at runtime, n will be 5, because that's what we're passing in as the 1st argument to calculate on line 17, and if we flip back to the function definition on line 13, that number 5 will then be x and then on line 14 x gets passed in to the callback. So 5 is x and x is n when things kick off here.

It's not that easy to follow. It took me a minute to untangle it. My preference is not to use this kind of 'continuation-passing style', which is also referred to less positively as "callback hell" or "pyramid of doom". Here's an alternative version without anonymous functions, defining those functions separately. It's still tricky to follow but at least it's an alternative version of the same thing that may help you connect some dots. (I also made all the functions into arrow functions for consistency)

const add = (x, y, callback) => {
    callback(x + y)
}

const subtract = (x, y, callback) => {
    callback(x - y);
}

const multiply = (x, y, callback) => {
    callback(x * y);
}

const calculate = (x, callback) => {
    callback(x);
}

/***** calbacks *****/

const onMultiply = (n) => {
    console.log(n); // 65
}

const onSubtract = (n) => {
    multiply(n, 5, onMultiply);
}

const onAdd = (n) => {
    subtract(n, 2, onSubtract);
}

const composedCalculator = (n) => {
    add(n, 10, onAdd);
}

calculate(5, composedCalculator);

It's kind of an abstract example. This isn't the ideal way of doing math in either case, but there are lots of other operations, like fetching data or handling click events, where you need to deal with a string of operations and pass functions as arguments to other functions as callbacks.

Let me know if you have any more questions.