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Start your free trialBrendan Whiting
Front End Web Development Techdegree Graduate 84,738 PointsUnboundLocalError: local variable 'to_user' referenced before assignment
I get this error in Jinja2 when I click my Follow button: UnboundLocalError: local variable 'to_user' referenced before assignment
File "/home/treehouse/workspace/app.py", line 132, in follow return redirect(url_for('stream', username=to_user.username))
app.py:
from flask import (Flask, g, render_template, flash, redirect, url_for)
from flask.ext.bcrypt import check_password_hash
from flask.ext.login import (LoginManager, login_user, logout_user,
login_required, current_user)
import forms
import models
DEBUG = True
PORT = 8000
HOST = '0.0.0.0'
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'auoesh.bouoastuh.43,uoausoehuosth3ououea.auoub!'
login_manager = LoginManager()
login_manager.init_app(app)
login_manager.login_view = 'login'
@login_manager.user_loader
def load_user(userid):
try:
return models.User.get(models.User.id == userid)
except models.DoesNotExist:
return None
@app.before_request
def before_request():
"""Connect to the database before each request."""
g.db = models.DATABASE
g.db.connect()
g.user = current_user
@app.after_request
def after_request(response):
"""Close the database connection after each request."""
g.db.close()
return response
@app.route('/register', methods=('GET', 'POST'))
def register():
form = forms.RegisterForm()
if form.validate_on_submit():
flash("Yay, you registered!", "success")
models.User.create_user(
username=form.username.data,
email=form.email.data,
password=form.password.data
)
return redirect(url_for('index'))
return render_template('register.html', form=form)
@app.route('/login', methods=('GET', 'POST'))
def login():
form = forms.LoginForm()
if form.validate_on_submit():
try:
user = models.User.get(models.User.email == form.email.data)
except models.DoesNotExist:
flash("Your email or password doesn't match!", "error")
else:
if check_password_hash(user.password, form.password.data):
login_user(user)
flash("You've been logged in!", "success")
return redirect(url_for('index'))
else:
flash("Your email or password doesn't match!", "error")
return render_template('login.html', form=form)
@app.route('/logout')
@login_required
def logout():
logout_user()
flash("You've been logged out! Come back soon!", "success")
return redirect(url_for('index'))
@app.route('/new_post', methods=('GET', 'POST'))
@login_required
def post():
form = forms.PostForm()
if form.validate_on_submit():
models.Post.create(user=g.user.id,
content=form.content.data.strip())
flash("Message posted! Thanks!", "success")
return redirect(url_for('index'))
return render_template('post.html', form=form)
@app.route('/')
def index():
stream = models.Post.select().limit(100)
return render_template('stream.html', stream=stream)
@app.route('/stream')
@app.route('/stream/<username>')
def stream(username=None):
template = 'stream.html'
if username and username != current_user.username:
user = models.User.select().where(models.User.username**username).get()
stream = user.posts.limit(100)
else:
stream = current_user.get_stream().limit(100)
user = current_user
if username:
template = 'user_stream.html'
return render_template(template, stream=stream, user=user)
@app.route('/follow/<username>')
@login_required
def follow(username):
try:
to_user = models.User.get(models.User.username*username)
except models.DoesNotExist:
pass
else:
try:
models.Relationship.create(
from_user=g.user._get_current_object(),
to_user=to_user
)
except models.IntegrityError:
pass
else:
flash("Youre now following {}!".format(to_user.username), "success")
return redirect(url_for('stream', username=to_user.username))
@app.route('/unfollow/<username>')
@login_required
def un_follow(username):
try:
to_user = models.User.get(models.User.username*username)
except models.DoesNotExist:
pass
else:
try:
models.Relationship.get(
from_user=g.user._get_current_object(),
to_user=to_user
).delete_instance()
except models.IntegrityError:
pass
else:
flash("You've unfollowed {}!".format(to_user.username), "success")
return redirect(url_for('stream', username=to_user.username))
if __name__ == '__main__':
models.initialize()
try:
models.User.create_user(
username='kennethlove',
email='kenneth@teamtreehouse.com',
password='password',
admin=True
)
except ValueError:
pass
app.run(debug=DEBUG, host=HOST, port=PORT)
forms.py
from flask_wtf import Form
from wtforms import StringField, PasswordField, TextAreaField
from wtforms.validators import (DataRequired, Regexp, ValidationError, Email,
Length, EqualTo)
from models import User
def name_exists(form, field):
if User.select().where(User.username == field.data).exists():
raise ValidationError('User with that name already exists.')
def email_exists(form, field):
if User.select().where(User.email == field.data).exists():
raise ValidationError('User with that email already exists.')
class RegisterForm(Form):
username = StringField(
'Username',
validators=[
DataRequired(),
Regexp(
r'^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$',
message=("Username should be one word, letters, "
"numbers, and underscores only.")
),
name_exists
])
email = StringField(
'Email',
validators=[
DataRequired(),
Email(),
email_exists
])
password = PasswordField(
'Password',
validators=[
DataRequired(),
Length(min=2),
EqualTo('password2', message='Passwords must match')
])
password2 = PasswordField(
'Confirm Password',
validators=[DataRequired()]
)
class LoginForm(Form):
email = StringField('Email', validators=[DataRequired(), Email()])
password = PasswordField('Password', validators=[DataRequired()])
class PostForm(Form):
content = TextAreaField("What's up?", validators=[DataRequired()])
models.py
import datetime
from flask.ext.bcrypt import generate_password_hash
from flask.ext.login import UserMixin
from peewee import *
DATABASE = SqliteDatabase('social.db', threadlocals=True)
class User(UserMixin, Model):
username = CharField(unique=True)
email = CharField(unique=True)
password = CharField(max_length=100)
joined_at = DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now)
is_admin = BooleanField(default=False)
class Meta:
database = DATABASE
order_by = ('-joined_at',)
def get_posts(self):
return Post.select().where(Post.user == self)
def get_stream(self):
return Post.select().where(
(Post.user == self)
)
def following(self):
"""The users that we are following."""
return (
User.select().join(
Relationship, on=Relationship.to_user
).where(
Relationship.from_user == self
)
)
def followers(self):
"""Get users following the current user"""
return (
User.select().join(
Relationship, on=Relationship.from_user
).where(
Relationship.to_user == self
)
)
@classmethod
def create_user(cls, username, email, password, admin=False):
try:
with DATABASE.transaction():
cls.create(
username=username,
email=email,
password=generate_password_hash(password),
is_admin=admin)
except IntegrityError:
raise ValueError("User already exists")
class Post(Model):
timestamp = DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now)
user = ForeignKeyField(
rel_model=User,
related_name='posts'
)
content = TextField()
class Meta:
database = DATABASE
order_by = ('-timestamp',)
class Relationship(Model):
from_user = ForeignKeyField(User, related_name='relationships')
to_user = ForeignKeyField(User, related_name='related_to')
class Meta:
database = DATABASE
indexes = (
(('from_user', 'to_user'), True),
)
def initialize():
DATABASE.connect()
DATABASE.create_tables([User, Post, Relationship], safe=True)
DATABASE.close()
Also this may be related or a separate bug, but my user's "post" is just a bunch of code:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/ibs2v3fhxp4awr2/Screenshot%202015-12-07%2018.27.55.png?dl=0
2 Answers
Chris Freeman
Treehouse Moderator 68,457 PointsBy inspection, in the follow()
view function, if the try
fails the except
returns a pass
making to_user
undefined at the redirect
statement.
One solution is to set to_user
in the except
block.
The error might be due to the single "*
" in the statement, should be double "**
"
to_user = models.User.get(models.User.username**username)
Zubeyr Aciksari
3,124 PointsDear all,
For the ones that may ask later on,
Here is the code,
@app.route('/follow/<int:user_id>')
@login_required
def follow(user_id):
try:
to_user = models.User.get(
models.User.id == user_id
)
except models.DoesNotExist:
pass
else:
try:
models.Relationship.create(
from_user=g.user._get_current_object(),
to_user=to_user
)
except models.IntegrityError:
pass
return redirect(url_for('index'))
Michal Janek
Front End Web Development Techdegree Graduate 30,654 PointsYou are missing underscore in
from_user=g.user._get_current_object()
Brendan Whiting
Front End Web Development Techdegree Graduate 84,738 PointsBrendan Whiting
Front End Web Development Techdegree Graduate 84,738 PointsThank you, I was missing the double asterisks. (Is this at all related to the ** we use pointing to the kwargs?)