- While Loops 3:55
- For Loops 3:15
- For Loops 1 objective
- Foreach Loops 4:04
- Foreach Loops 1 objective
- Magic Numbers and Constants 3:13
- Constants 1 objective
- Putting It All Together 5:13
- Commenting 1:50
- Commenting Code 3 questions
- Playing the Game 4:59
- Static Members 4:39
- Static Members 1 objective
- Using Static Fields 3:40
- Wrap Up 2:30
- Wrap-up 2 questions
Preview
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Foreach Loops
4:04Foreach loops are special loops intended for collections (like arrays).
We learned about for
loops in the previous video.
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We wrote this for a loop so
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that we could do something with all of
the invaders in the invaders array.
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It turns out that looping through all the
items of a collection such as an array is
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so common that there is yet another type
of loop that's designed to do just that.
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It's called a for each loop.
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I'll write what that looks like
below our existing four a loop, so
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that we can compare the two loops.
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With the four each loop we get rid of
the loop counter variable entirely.
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This loop will always run if there's
at least one item in the array.
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Each time through the loop,
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the invader variable will be set
to the next item in the array.
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So the first time through the loop,
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invader will contain the first
invader in the array.
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The second time through the loop it
will contain the second item, and so on.
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Pretty neat?
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Using for
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each loops makes it clear that we want to
loop through every item in the collection.
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We'll use this for each loop to look
at each invader in the array and
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determine if it's in range of the tower.
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We already know where the invader and
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the towers are located because they
both have map location member variables.
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We can use the distance to method to see
how far they are from each other and
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then check if the distance is less
than the shooting range of the tower.
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Why don't we write a method that
does this comparison for us?
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We could put this method in the tower or
the invader classes.
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However if we consider that this
method is really only determining if
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two map locations are within
a certain distance of each other
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I think it's best to put it
in the map location class.
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Let's call this method in range of.
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It will take another map location as
a parameter and an integer range.
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Here we can call the distance to method we
already wrote to get the distance between
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the map location object this method was
called on and the one that's passed in.
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Then we'll check if that distance is less
than or equal to the range passed in.
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We'll return the result
of this comparison.
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Now back here in the tower
class we can write if our
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location is in range of
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the invaders location
using a range of one.
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This one here is the width
of one grid square.
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If the invader's in range,
we'll decrease its health.
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This shows that the tower was able
to cause some damage to the invader.
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And we'll have the invaders
health decreased by one.
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As the code stands right now, the towers
can fire on every invader in range,
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even if they've already
been neutralized or
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even if they've made it
to the end of the path.
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Let's fix this by only allowing them to
shoot at invaders that are still active
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by checking the is active property we
previously added to the invader class.
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So now the towers can only
decrease the health of an invader
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if they're both active and
they're in range.
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Finally let's handicap the towers a bit
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by only letting them shoot
at one tower at a time.
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We can do this by forcing the foreach
loop to exit after it's found and
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shot one enemy.
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For loops and for each loops just like
while loops, can use the break and
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continue statements.
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Remember the continue statement
like this causes the loop
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to immediately go back to the beginning.
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In the case of a for each loop,
the continue statement
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causes the loop to move on to the next
item in the array or collection.
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We don't want to use the continue
statement right here though.
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I'm just showing it here, so
that you can see how it works.
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Instead we want to break out of
the loop using the break statement.
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There is nothing after the loop here.
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So the method returns to
the code that called it.
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